Bon

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Positional Members ​

While having the ability to use separate setters for the members gives you a ton of flexibility and extensibility described on the "Compatibility" page, sometimes you don't need all of that.

Maybe you'd like to pick out some specific members and let the user pass their values as positional parameters to the starting function that creates the builder or to the finishing function that consumes it. This reduces the syntax a bit at the cost of some extensibility loss ⚖️, but it may be worth it!

Starting function ​

As an example, suppose we have a Treasure struct with x and y coordinates and a label that describes the payload of the treasure. Since all treasures are located somewhere, they all have coordinates, and it would be cool to specify them in a single starting function call.

To do that we can use the #[builder(start_fn)] attribute. There are two contexts where we can place it, and they both have a different meaning:

We'll want to use both of these attributes in our example to give a better name for the starting function that describes its inputs and configure x and y as positional parameters on the starting function as well.

Example:

rust
use bon::Builder;

#[derive(Builder)]
// Top-level attribute to give a better name for the starting function
#[builder(start_fn = with_coordinates)]                                
struct Treasure {
    // Member-level attribute to mark the member as
    // a parameter of `with_coordinates()`
    #[builder(start_fn)]                            
    x: u32,

    #[builder(start_fn)] 
    y: u32,

    label: Option<String>,
}

let treasure = Treasure::with_coordinates(2, 9) 
    .label("oats".to_owned())
    .build();

assert_eq!(treasure.x, 2);
assert_eq!(treasure.y, 9);
assert_eq!(treasure.label.as_deref(), Some("oats"));

Here, the generated with_coordinates method has the following signature:

rust
impl Treasure {
    fn with_coordinates(x: u32, y: u32) -> TreasureBuilder { /**/ }
}

Finishing function ​

Now let's say we need to know the person who claimed the Treasure. While describing the treasure using the current builder syntax we'd like the person who claimed it to specify their first name and last name at the end of the building process.

We can use a similar combination of the top-level #[builder(finish_fn = ...)] and the member-level #[builder(finish_fn)] attributes to do that.

Example:

rust
use bon::Builder;

#[derive(Builder)]
#[builder(
    start_fn = with_coordinates,
    finish_fn = claim  
)]
struct Treasure {
    #[builder(start_fn)]
    x: u32,

    #[builder(start_fn)]
    y: u32,

    #[builder(finish_fn)]          
    claimed_by_first_name: String, 

    #[builder(finish_fn)]          
    claimed_by_last_name: String,  

    label: Option<String>,
}

let treasure = Treasure::with_coordinates(2, 9)
    .label("oats".to_owned())
    .claim("Lyra".to_owned(), "Heartstrings".to_owned()); 

assert_eq!(treasure.x, 2);
assert_eq!(treasure.y, 9);
assert_eq!(treasure.label.as_deref(), Some("oats"));
assert_eq!(treasure.claimed_by_first_name, "Lyra");        
assert_eq!(treasure.claimed_by_last_name, "Heartstrings");

Into conversions ​

You may also combine these attributes with #[builder(into)] or #[builder(on(..., into))] to reduce the number of to_owned() calls a bit.

rust
use bon::Builder;

#[derive(Builder)]
#[builder(
    start_fn = with_coordinates,
    finish_fn = claim 
)]
struct Treasure {
    #[builder(start_fn)]
    x: u32,

    #[builder(start_fn)]
    y: u32,

    #[builder(finish_fn, into)]    
    claimed_by_first_name: String, 

    #[builder(finish_fn, into)]    
    claimed_by_last_name: String,  

    #[builder(into)]               
    label: Option<String>,         
}

let treasure = Treasure::with_coordinates(2, 9)
    .label("oats")                  
    .claim("Lyra", "Heartstrings");

However, keep in mind that positional members (ones annotated with #[builder(start_fn/finish_fn)]) are always required to pass. There is no special treatment of the Option type for such members.

For example #[builder(into)] on a regular (named) member of the Option<T> type generates two setters:

  • One that accepts impl Into<T>.
  • The other that accepts Option<impl Into<T>>.

For positional members, the story is completely different because there are no separate setters generated for them. There is just a single starting or finishing function. So if you enable an into conversion for a positional member of the Option<T> type, it will be accepted as impl Into<Option<T>> in the starting or finishing function.

Also, the type pattern of the #[builder(on(..., into))] attribute matches the Option<T> fully. So, for example on(String, into) will not match the positional member of type Option<String>, but on(Option<String>, into) will.

TIP

In general, it's not recommended to annotate optional members with #[builder(start_fn/finish_fn)] because you can't omit setting them using the positional function call syntax.